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如何描写火锅?跟着《经济学人》学习英语写作 提升写作水平

2020-11-17 09:05:01
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有很多英语学习者问怎么样提升写作水平。

不少学习者努力的记忆各种词组和句型表达,比如增加(increase、climb、surge、boom)、减少(decrease、dive、drop、jump、plummet),比如特殊句型:only if…、by no means…等等。

我这里要讲的是,写作最核心的是框架,也就是文章的谋篇布局,句型和用词倒是其次。说白了,写文章要清晰明了的确定第一段写什么、第二段写什么,怎么开头(凤头)、过渡(猪肚)、结尾(豹尾)。

写作是为了表达意思去选择合适的句型和词语,而不是为了用花哨的句型和词语硬搬硬凑。最好的文章给人传递出很明确的信息和情感,再加之合理的层次关系,绝对会是上乘之作,比如说海明威的《老人与海》,几乎没有任何花里胡哨,简单的文字足以震慑人心。

今天我们看一下《经济学人》对中国火锅行业的观察,文章逻辑分明、层次丰富,绝对可以参考写作。

为了避免打乱欣赏文章的节奏,以下不会对所有生词都做解释,也不会对所有句子都做翻译,我怕中文翻译不好,影响对原文的欣赏。

第一段

①Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, has an ancient rivalry with Chongqing, a city to its south-east. ②Residents of Chongqing accuse their Chengdu cousins of being pompous. The people of Chongqing are hotheads, Chengdu dwellers shoot back. ③Both cities share a love of spice-laden Sichuan cuisine, which in recent decades has conquered Chinese palates. ④But they are at war over which has the best Sichuan hotpot—a type of DIY-cooking that involves boiling vegetables and slices of meat in a communal broth with chillies and numbing peppercorns.

第①句交代了成都(四川的首都)和重庆互相地理位置,又是古老的对手(ancient rivalry)。

第②句说成都和重庆互怼,去过四川或者重庆的应该都听过当地人对对方不屑一顾。

第③句说明火锅在中国的普及程度,已经占领了中国人的味觉(conquered Chinese palates),看着这句话,就想起来不单是成都和重庆大街小巷开满了火锅店,全国各地都有火锅店,说conquer不为过。

第④句看经济学人如何描述火锅:一种自制的菜肴(DIY-cooking)——一桌人共用(communal)煮沸(boiling)的肉汤(broth)里加蔬菜(vegetables)、肉片(slices of meat)、辣椒干(chillies)和麻辣胡椒粒(numbing peppercorns)。

这一段话交代了大量的信息,包括人文、地理、食物、行业(火锅占领),没有一句废话,也没有高深的句型和词语,读起来就是顺。

第二段

①A private museum in Chongqing, opened several years ago, makes the case for Chongqing-style hotpot. ②It describes how it developed from a method used to make cheap offcuts of meat taste delicious. ③But Chengdu is playing catch-up. In January the city sold a plot of land on condition that the developer build a hotpot museum on part of it. ④Such presumptuous behavior will test the famous fiery tempers of Chongqing-ites. ⑤Chengdu may be the capital of Sichuan cuisine’s eponymous province, but Chongqing was part of Sichuan for long periods of history until 1997. It is now the capital of its own province-sized region, which is also called Chongqing.

几年前重庆人办了一个博物馆,展示重庆风格的火锅。为了使得便宜的边角料肉类更好吃,人们发明了一种方法,后来发展为火锅。这个故事大家都听过,说有些边角料的肉富贵人家不愿意吃,贫苦老百姓拿来做菜,为了增加口感,逐渐发展为火锅制法。

第⑤句再次交代重庆与四川的历史关系,1997年从四川独立出来。

这一段是交代了四川和重庆为了争夺火锅之王的称号,争相建博物馆,可见两地人对火锅的热爱和这种热情环境下躁动的脾气。

第三段

①The two cities are among many in China with their own styles of hotpot. ②The stories behind these dishes reveal how different regions like to see themselves. ③Chongqing’s is said to highlight the ingenuity of the proletariat. ④Other places describe their hotpots as the sophisticated food of emperors. ⑤Some say theirs have military origins: warriors on the march boiling scraps in their helmets. ⑥Hotpot contents are equally diverse. ⑦To keep warm in winter, Beijingers boil fatty lamb in a berry broth. ⑧Mint-suffused Yunnanese hotpot reflects the province’s links with South-East Asia.

四川和重庆的火锅只是中国火锅种类的其中具有代表性的两种(第①句),而其他各地火锅各有故事(stories)。没错!火锅是有故事的!而故事则揭示了当地人希望外人如何看待他们(how different regions like to see themselves)。比如重庆突出表现(highlight)劳苦人民(proletariat)的心灵手巧(ingenuity)。其他地区把火锅描述为帝王享用的精致食物(sophisticated food)。有人说火锅起源于军队:行军途中的勇士在头盔中加热残羹冷炙。

那火锅的食材是否也有不同?有的!北京人为了保暖喜欢煮肥羊(fatty lamb),而云南与东南亚有联系(links with South-East Asia),火锅多使用薄荷(Mint-suffused)。

这一段是极其考验词汇量和写作素材的,没有高深的句型,有的是丰富的描述层次感,每一句话都是一个故事。写作,要积累素材,要知道写哪些东西,比知道用哪些句型有用的多。

第四段

①But Sichuan-style broths are the most commonly savoured in China. ②In recent years their popularity has been booming. ③China has around 350,000 hotpot restaurants. ④About 40,000 of them are said to be in the Chongqing region alone. ⑤Hotpot restaurants in China are more profitable than other kinds, according to iiMedia, a consultancy. ⑥Haidilao, a well-known Sichuanbased hotpot chain, raised nearly $1bn when it was listed on the Hong Kong exchange in September. ⑦The company is taking its hotpot global. ⑧It expanded into Canada in December. ⑨Branches are set to open in London later this year.

总体来说川锅在国内是最流行的吃法(the most commonly savoured in China),而且近年来极其火爆(their popularity has been booming)。不单是流行,其利润也高于其他类型餐饮(more profitable than other kinds),川锅海底捞连锁品牌上市时披露其营收达到了10亿美元。而且目前正在全球扩张(taking its hotpot global),去年12月开到了加拿大,今年晚些时候要在伦敦开业。

第五段

①The more adventurous tastes of younger Chinese are fuelling demand. ②One third of customers at hotpot restaurants in China are aged between 25 and 30, iiMedia says. ③They often have little time to cook at home and are unburdened by child-care duties. ④They like the social aspects of sharing hotpots. ⑤Round-the-clock restaurants are sprouting up to allow leisurely feasting.

目前的形势:中国年轻人的尝鲜口味助推了火锅的需求(fuelling demand)。(第①句)

年轻人吃火锅的需求有多旺盛:三分之一(one third)。(第②句)

年轻人喜爱火锅的原因呢?接下来三句分别说了三点原因:

l 年轻人没时间在家里煮饭,而且少有照顾小孩的责任(没生小孩或者交给爸妈照顾了)(第③句)。

l 年轻人喜欢吃火锅这种形式的社交。(第④句)

l 逐步出现的24小时营业的火锅店使得悠闲地吃火锅成为可能。(第⑤句)

这一段是经典写作范文,第①句说大形势,第②句用数据佐证,第③④⑤句说明出现这种情况的原因,而且原因的贡献程度是由大到小。这种写作方式是常用的分析型段落。

第六段

①While younger Chinese are increasingly health-conscious, they seem to brush off regular hotpot-hygiene scandals. ②A viral video of a pregnant woman fishing a rat from her broth caused a cooling in the shares of Xiabuxiabu, a chain restaurant named after a Japanese style of hotpot, but they heated up again a few days later. ③Haidilao even won plaudits when it admitted that rats had been found in some kitchens and vowed to clean up its act. ④News of other businesses reusing weeks-old oil in the broth is greeted with a shrug. ⑤The grubbiest hotpot joints are usually the best, young people often say with a grin.

虽然年轻的中国人越来越重视健康问题,但似乎选择漠视频繁的火锅卫生丑闻(brush off regular hotpot-hygiene scandals)。

日本火锅呷哺呷哺里吃出老鼠导致其股价凉了几天,但是过几天又涨上去了(heated up)。

海底捞承认其厨房发现了老鼠,承诺确保卫生,居然赢得了喝彩(won plaudits)。

新火锅店使用了放了N周的油(weeks-old oil),消费者报之以无所谓(is greeted with a shrug)。

年轻人常常嘴一咧,说最脏的肉是最好吃的。

注意这里的几个用法,特别有意思。weeks-old:放了几周的油。有调查显示有人觉得地沟油(Gutter oil)的火锅好吃。

对火锅卫生的态度:没那么严重(young people often say with a grin),好吃就行(is greeted with a shrug)。

写法上,这段与第五段一样,第①句统领全段,后续句子层层递进的证明第①句。

第七段

①Not all Chinese warm to hotpot. ②Some older Sichuanese disown it altogether. ③They complain that it is causing an escalation of chilli-use in other dishes that drowns out subtle flavours. ④Chua Lam, a celebrity food critic based in Hong Kong, caused a stir in December when he wished hotpot would disappear from the face of the Earth. ⑤He dismissed it as “the most uncultured form of cooking”, requiring no real culinary knowledge.

难道火锅是万人迷,没人讨厌吗?确实有人不喜欢火锅。为什么呢?因为川锅的盛行导致了红辣椒在其他菜肴中滥用(an escalation of chilli-use in other dishes),从而淹没了菜品原本微妙的味道(drowns out subtle flavours)。

更有极端批评者启动一项行动,希望能让火锅在地球上消失,他认为火锅不需要任何真正的烹饪知识(requiring no real culinary knowledge),是最没有文化的烹饪(the most uncultured form of cooking)。

一般议论性文章都会写正反两面,有正有反才是真实的,这样才会显得饱满。

还是那句话,写作最重要的是有东西写,而不是用什么句型写。

第八段

①But Chengdu’s plans for a museum suggest that Sichuan hotpot is not only growing in popularity, but is also becoming iconic. ②If it can set the West on fire, officials may hope it will become a delicious new source of Chinese soft power. ③There will be plenty of glory for both Chengdu and Chongqing to bask in if that happens.

成都建火锅博物馆表明川锅不仅仅是流行,而是变成了标志。如果火锅能点燃西方社会的味蕾,那么有望成为中国的一项新的软实力。如果成真的话,成都和重庆可沉浸的荣誉就更多了。

最后一段与第一段、第二段呼应,又回到了四川和重庆建火锅博物馆这件事。

呼应不单单是要呼应现象,更要深层次挖掘其中的社会意义,这样才能是完整的结束文章。结尾做了深刻的观察,把火锅分析为一种文化和软实力,建博物馆已经不再重要,重要的是文化的认同和输出。

总结

老子《道德经》讲道法术:

道,是规则、自然法则,上乘。

法,是方法、法理,中乘。

术,是行式、方式,下乘。

谋篇布局是道,没有道,起承转合是法,句型和词汇是术。

谋篇布局成功了,文章也就成功了一大半,剩下的是如何简洁、平稳、富有层次的表达含义。

文章不知如何写起的时候,就想想火锅,想想这篇文章。

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