SCI写作小课堂：主动语态 and 被动语态

国外越来越多的科研人员喜欢在论文中使用主动语态。他们认为被动语态句子通常使用更多的单词，可能表达含糊不清，并可能导致介词短语的混乱。

论文写作要求虽然严格，但并未强制规定语态方式，大家可灵活运用，但了解二者的不同还是很重要的。

在以主动语态写成的句子中，句子的主体执行动作。在用被动语态写的句子中，主体接受动作。

Active: The candidate believes that Congress must place a ceiling on the budget.

Passive: It is believed by the candidate that a ceiling must be placed on the budget by Congress.

Active: Researchers earlier showed that high stress can cause heart attacks.

Passive: It was earlier demonstrated that heart attacks can be caused by high stress.

Active: The dog bit the man.

Passive: The man was bitten by the dog.

何时使用被动语态？

强调动作而不是行动者：After long debate, the proposal was endorsed by the long-range planning committee.

2. 在整个段落中保持主题和焦点一致

The data processing department recently presented what proved to be a controversial proposal to expand its staff. After long debate, the proposal was endorsed by . . . .

3. 不指名道姓以使行文流畅

The procedures were somehow misinterpreted.

4. 描述行为者未知的或不重要的情况

Every year, thousands of people are diagnosed as having cancer.

5. 命令式的语气

Visitors are not allowed after 9:00 p.m.

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