托福写作高分秘诀：如何把句子粘起来？｜TD干货
独立写作的评分细则中有一条是 “displays unity, progression and coherence.”其中coherence即文章要有连贯性，通俗点说这个词的意思可以解释为“把句子粘在一起”， 一个段落中所要阐述的观点可以从一个句子流畅地衔接到下一个句子。有了连贯性，读者or考官就能很容易地理解句子之间或者是段落之间的逻辑关系，以及你想要表达的思想。
如何使文章中的句子富有连贯性？
即使英语并不是我们的母语，我们也可以通过一些cohesive devices（衔接手段）来达到写作的连贯性，cohesive devices是将句子粘在一起的“粘合剂”，这种粘合剂总共分为四个类型，分别是：
Pronouns
Repetition
Transitions
Parallelism
这篇文章我们主要来分析的是transitions，也就是句子的过渡。句子的过渡我们是如何在文章当中实现的呢？最简单易行的方法就是使用transitional words，逻辑连接词作为句与句之间的桥梁使读者可以不费多大脑力就可以跟上文章的逻辑脉络。
虽然逻辑主要通过语义的内在联系来体现的，但逻辑连接词的使用会帮助你把所要表达的思想更有力的凝聚在一起，下面我们就来看下有连接词和没有连接词的句子差异：
Nowadays, schools focus more on individualized education. This more tolerant learning environment can ensure a safe and equal learning opportunity for all students and help them become their most creative selves. Our parents’ generations learn by rote memory, which stifles thought exploration and creativity when finding answers to a problem.
Nowadays, schools focus more on individualized education. This more tolerant learning environment can ensure a safe and equal learning opportunity for all students and help all students become their most creative selves. In contrast, our parents’ generations learn by rote memory, which stifles thought exploration and creativity when finding answers to a problem.
以上两组句子在内容上没有任何区别，但多了in contrast的那一组能帮你更清晰的阐明上下文的逻辑关系，同时也能帮助读者理解句意，从而达到 “easy to follow” 的目的。
Transitional words
独立写作中常用的Transitional words 有哪些呢？我们可以分为表因果关系、递进关系、并列关系、对比关系、举例关系等几大类型。
Giving a Result（ To provide the result of what has been stated or has occurred）
As a result
As a consequence
Therefore
Thus
Consequently/ as a consequence
Hence
For this reason
Due to
……
Adding Informationv(To add to what has been previously stated)
Additionally / an additional
Furthermore
Also
Too
As well as that
Along with
Besides
In addition
Moreover
In addition to this
Apart from this
…..
Contrasting Ideas (To show how things are different)
Unlike
Nevertheless
On the other hand
Nonetheless
Despite / in spite of
In contrast (to)
Alternatively
Conversely
Even so
Differing from
Contrary to
…..
Giving Examples（To provide examples）
For example / For instance
Such as
Including
Namely
In this case
Proof of this
…
Sequencing Ideas (To indicate the order of what is being said)
First/ firstly (Second/ secondly, Third/ thirdly, Finally)
At this time
Following
Previously
Before
Subsequently
Above all
Lastly and most importantly
Last but not least
First and foremost
…..
Summarizing（To sump up what has been previously stated）
In conclusion
To summarize
Altogether
In short
To sum up
In summary
Briefly
To conclude
……
Giving a Result
今天我们重点来分析其中的一组-Giving a Result。在这一组词中，同学们最常犯的错误就是误把therefore, thus, hence当作连词使用，比如:
He is not satisfied, thus we must prepare a new proposal.
在这里我们要注意的是以上三个词都为连接副词，不能直接连接两个句子，应改为：
He is not satisfied, and thus we must prepare a new proposal.
He is not satisfied. Thus we must prepare a new proposal.
He is not satisfied; thus we must prepare a new proposal.
此外，thus还表示 in this way, like this, 但这种情况下，thus不引导从句，例如：
They have developed a new technology, thus allowing them to reduce costs.
Hence通常用于专业领域，比如scientific writing：
The chemicals cause the rain to become acidic, hence the term “acid rain”.
因此我们在托福写作当中尽量避免使用hence去说明一个偏日常的情况。
Therefore意为“作为逻辑结果”。它主要用于论证中，当一个句意从另一个逻辑上接下去并引出一个结论，在科学文献中也很常见。但要注意的是，当两个句子之间没有明显的逻辑联系时，使用therefore会让句子看起来不是那么自然，尤其是在非正式上下文中，这样的情况下应该使用so:
unnatural：The trip was cancelled; therefore I visited my grandma instead.
correct：The trip was cancelled, so I visited my grandma instead.
以上内容从用逻辑连接词让文章更顺畅的角度分析了 “Giving a Result” 这一组连接词在使用时的注意事项，同学们可以在之后的写作练习中尝试使用并注意区分。之后的文章中还会对其它容易被同学们误用的逻辑连接词进行分析，祝大家学习愉快！
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