2018高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解猜测词意
2018高考英语阅读理解词义猜测题专题突破2018高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解猜测词意
Step1猜测词义常见设问方式
1. Which of the following is the nearest in meaning to “ ’’?
2. What does the author probably mean by “ ’’?
3. The word “ ’’ in the contest means _____.
4. The term can be best replaced by _____.
5. The word “ ’’ probably refers to ____.
6. As used in the line … the word “ ’’ refers to ______.
7. According to the passage, the word “ ’’ is known as_____.
8. The passage use the word “ ’’ to refer to ____
9. According to the author, the underlined word “ ’’ means____.
10. From the context/ passage, we can infer that the word “ ’’ means _____.
在词义猜测题中，有些词汇并非生词，只需要根据上下文去推测它应在文章中的具体含义，或找出其指代对象。做这类题，应仔细阅读出现该词的上下文，文章中往往会对这类词或短语进行重复解释或概括归纳。因此答案往往可从文章中找出或推测出。
Step2. 方法探究
1. Charlotte’s tale was inspired by the girls’ coin collection. “We’ve collected foreign coins for years-since our families went on holiday to Tenerife,” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.”
The underlined word “pesetas” in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _______.
A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin
2. Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, Houng’s deeds remind us of what we usually neglect: love and care for others. Without these, none of us could survive. Houng turned down donations from others. He said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could depend on his own work.
The underlined word “donation” in Para.3 probably means ______.
A. invitation to give a speech B. something, especially given to help others
C. questions asked by interviewers D. chances to be a hero
【思考归纳】这两道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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3. The elder learn to master the Internet and to overcome what Lansdale calls the maladies of the institutionalized: loneliness, helplessness, boredom, and lose of memory.
4. Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies (军用物资),while others carried only passengers.
5. Scientists grow large quantities of common mould (霉菌)so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs.
6. Marine biology, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their relation, has furthered the efficient development of fisheries.
7. Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always takes away things from the shop without paying for them.
【思考归纳】这几道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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8. Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
From the passage, we can infer that the word “autocratic’’ means ______
A. friendly to others B. modest and kindly
C. sticking to one’s own opinion D. hard-working
9. Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page.
jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n. slang. Empty talk. 4. adj. of or like jazz; a jazz band, jazz records.
What does the word “jazz” mean in the following sentence?
Don’t give me that jazz, for I am a practical person.
A. Rhythmic beats. B. A type of music. C. A kind of dance. D. Meaningless talk.
【思考归纳】这两道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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10. “Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.”
The underlined word “cultivated” (Paragraph 1) roughly means ______.
A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed
11. Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes.
According to the author, the underlined word static means ______.
A. unchangeable B. inactive C. respective D. widespread
12. Unlike the Unite States where many different nationalities make up the population,’s population is quite homogeneous.
【思考归纳】这三道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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13. Millions of animals die each year on US roads, the Federal Highway administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in thetoday. The main reason? Roadkill.
14. Mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved.
【思考归纳】这道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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15. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, of English learning.
16. Many United nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.
【思考归纳】这两道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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17. Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.
18. Although simplified Chinese characters were accepted for use many years ago, it seems that more and more people like Chinese characters in the complex form.
【思考归纳】这两道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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19. 下题中划线的词可换为：
New York, 10 November, 5:27 p.m., yesterday. Biggest power failure in the city’s history.
A. enough B. not passing C. lack of D. lack
【思考归纳】这道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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20. Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.
The underlined phrase “mopping up ” in the second paragraph means _______.
A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving up
21. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took a mop. She pushed past the desk and as the nurse looked up. Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floor.”
【思考归纳】这两道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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22. The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools they had.
23. The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways-education, medicine, and business.
The underlined work “aging” means ______.
A. counting the number of years someone lives
B. the numbers of years someone lives
C. becoming older
D. making someone looking older
【思考归纳】这两道题你是如何得出答案的？从中你有什么启发和收获？跟大家分享一下。
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检测反馈
运用方法探究中学到的技巧，快来一试身手吧！看谁做得又快又好！
A
I have been consistently opposed to feeding a baby regularly. As a doctor, mother and scientist in child development I believe there is nothing to recommend it, from the baby’s point of view.
Mothers, doctors and nurses alike have no idea of where a baby’s blood sugar level lies. All we know is that a low level is harmful to brain development and makes a baby easily annoyed. In this state, the baby is difficult to calm down and sleep is impossible. The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth.
It is not just unkind but also dangerous to say a four-hourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied. The first of the experts to advocate a strict clock-watching schedule was Dr. Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night. I’ve never heard anything so ridiculous. Baby feeding shouldn’t follow a timetable set by the mum. What is important is feeding a baby in the best way, though it may cause some inconvenience in the first few weeks.
Well, at last we have copper-bottomed research that supports demand feeding and points out the weaknesses of strictly timed feeding. The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do better at school at age 5, 7, 11 and 14, than babies fed according to the clock. By the age of 8, their IQ（智商）scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable. This research comes from Oxford and Essex University using a sample（样本）of 10,419 children born in the early 1990s,taking account of parental education, family income, a child’s sex and age, the mother’s health and feeling style. These results don’t surprise me. Feeding according to schedule runs the risk of harming the rapidly growing brain by taking no account of sinking blood sugar levels.
I hope this research will put an end to advocating strictly timed baby feeling practices.
小题1:What does the author think about Dr King?
A．He is strict
B．He is unkind
C．He has the wrong idea.
D．He sets a timetable for mothers
小题2:The word copper-bottomed in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _________
A．basic B．reliable C．surprising D．interesting
小题3:What does the research tell us about feeling a baby on demand?
A．The baby will sleep well.
B．The baby will have its brain harmed.
C．The baby will have a low blood sugar level.
D．The baby will grow to be wiser by the age of 8.
小题4:The author supports feeling the baby_______.
A．in the night
B．every four hours
C．whenever it wants food
D．according to its blood sugar level
B
For high school leavers starting out in the working world，it is very important to learn particular skills and practice how to behave in an interview or how to find all internship(实习). In some countries，schools have programs to help students onto the path to work. In the Unites States，however，such programs are still few and far between. Research shows that if high schools provide career-related courses，students are likely to get higher earnings in later years. The students are more likely to stay in school，graduate and go on to higher education. In Germany，students as young as 13 and 14 are expected to do internships. German companies work with schools to make sure that young people get the education they need for future employment. But in, education reform programs focus on how well students do in exams instead of bringing them into contact with the working world. Harvard Education school professor Robert Schwartz has criticized education reformers for trying to place all graduates directly on the four-year college track. Schwartz argued that this approach leaves the country’s most vulnerable(易受影响的)kids with no jobs and no skills. Schwartz believed that the best career programs encourage kids to go for higher education while also teaching them valuable practical skills at high sch001. James Madison High School in New York，for example，encourages students to choose classes on career—based courses. The school then helps them gain on—the-job experience in those fields while they’re still at high school. However, even for teens whose schools encourage them to connect with work，the job market is daunting. In the US，unemployment rates for 16-to 19-year-olds are above 20 percent for the third summer in a row. “The risk is that if teenagers miss out on the Summer job experience，they become part of this generation of teens who had trouble in landing a job，”said Michael，a researcher in the US. 小题1:According to Robert Schwartz，_________.
A．there is no need for kids to go for higher education in the US
B．students should get contact with the working world at high school
C．education reform should focus on students’performance in exams
D．teenagers in the US can’t miss out on the summer job experience
小题2:What’s the main idea of the text?
A．Arguments about recent US education reform.
B．Tips on finding jobs for high school leavers.
C．The lack of career-based courses in US high schools.
D．Advice for American high school leavers.
小题3:The underlined word “daunting” in Paragraph 5 most probably means___________.
A．discouraging B．interesting C．creative D．unbearable
解题指导
在词义猜测题中，有些词汇并非生词，只需要根据上下文去推测它应在文章中的具体含义，或找出其指代对象。做这类题，应仔细阅读出现该词的上下文，文章中往往会对这类词或短语进行重复解释或概括归纳。因此答案往往可从文章中找出或推测出。
〖猜测词义第一招〗利用上下文语境线索
任何一篇文中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。
〖第二招〗利用定义和解释性线索
阅读文中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is, mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean, in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括弧来表示。留心阅读就可以断定它们的意思。
〖第三招〗根据逻辑关系进行判断。英语中句与句之间在语意上往往存在一些逻辑关系，如因果、对比、并列、转折关系等。
因果关系的语境，通常由because, so ,therefore, so that, so / such… that… 等连词体现。
〖第四招〗利用对比线索
有时文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这时句中多见unlike; although; but; yet; while; on the contrary; on the other hand; for one thing; for another; instead of; rather than等信息词。
〖第五招〗利用同义线索和同等关系
同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有 or, like, similarly等。同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属一范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概意思。
〖第六招〗利用例证性线索
某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。such as, like, for example, for instance等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。
〖第七招〗根据构词法
阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。《教学大纲》已经明确地将构词法列在语法附表中，因此利用所学构词法生成的词不应被认定为生词。
〖第八招〗注意熟词生义
英语中大量的词汇具有多义性，其含义并非完全等同于词典所标注的汉语意思，具体的词义需要在一定的上下文中体现出来。阅读理解中的熟悉词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考对生词的数量有量的规定，不得超过3%；其二，熟悉词生义很容易引起考生的误解；其三，熟悉词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多，那就更难理解了。
〖第九招〗根据常识或经验猜测词义
在阅读中碰到生词时，我们有时可以运用逻辑推理能力、自身的生活经验及生活常识去推断生词的含义。当然也要结合语境。
〖第十招〗
根据词性转化，猜测它在语境中的词义
题目参考答案
1.D 2.B 3.老年综合症 4 goods 5.抗生素 6 海洋生物学 7 商店里偷窃的人 8 C 9D 10D 11A 12单一的 13虎猫an endangered wild cat
14教堂other public halls can 15期刊 16 会多国语言的人
17抗毒 18简化的 19D 20B 21拖把 22作斗争 23C
第一篇
小题1:C小题2:B小题3:D小题4:C
试题分析：本文典型的议论文，论点是反对定期喂养婴儿。论据：一是我们不知道婴儿的血糖的情况。二是文中例举了定期喂养的害处。三是实验表明，按需喂养比定期喂养的孩子更聪明。结论:希望结束定期喂养的习惯。
小题1:细节理解题。根据I"ve never heard anything so ridiculous. wrong idea和ridiculous“荒谬的”两者属于同义重现，故选C。
小题2:词义猜测题。basic基本的； reliable可靠的； surprising吃惊的； interesting有趣的。根据第四和第五段的实验结果的具体描述可知，故选B。
小题3:细节理解题。根据The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do better at school at age 5, 7 , 11 and 14, than babies fed according to the clock. By the age of 8, their IQ（智商）scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable. wiser更加聪明的，故选D。
小题4:细节理解题。根据I have been consistently opposed to feeding a baby regularly. whenever it wants food什么时候需要就喂孩子，故选C。
点评：本段主要考查细节题。细节题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。
第二篇小题1:B小题2:C小题3:A
试题分析：文章主要介绍了通过与德国的中学的情况的比较，来说明在美国中学里，还是很缺乏有关职业生涯的基本课程。
小题1:考查细节理解题。根据第六段的even for teens whose schools encourage them to connect with work，the job market is daunting 看出答案是B
小题2:考查主旨大意题。文章第一段的In some countries，schools have programs to help students onto the path to work．In the Unites States，however，such programs are still few and far between 点出了主题，选C。
小题3:考查词义猜测题。从下文的In the US，unemployment rates for 16-to 19-year-olds are above 20 percent for the third summer in a row．可猜出词义是discouraging。选A。
点评：文章兼顾细节题、主旨题、词义猜测题的考查，在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，细节的答案在文章中可以直接找到，推理就要结合句子进行推理。