理解了这两点 才算真正懂英语语法

大家好，我是老何！

今天是我们语法系列的最后一章了。

开始之前，我们来复习一下前面的语法知识，老何给大家简单梳理了英语的几个重要语法点：

今天老何再给大家讲两个语法难点：省略和倒装。

省略

英文句中有时会出现省略某些词、成分的情况，给我们理解带来困难，我们需要了解并分析这些特殊情况。

我将英文句子省略大致分为以下八种情况：

1） 并列复合句某些相同成分的省略。

--this computer works well, but that one doesn’t (work well).2） 某些状语从句内省略跟主句相同的主语及其Be动词。(when, while, if, as if, though, although, as, until,once, whether, unless, where等)

--when (I am) in trouble, I always turn to her for help.--errors, if (there are) any, should be corrected.--the letter is to be left here until (it is ) called for.

3） 见到when（或if，where，wherever， whenever, as soon as, than等）+possible（或necessary等）时，可理解为省略it is/was。

--answer this question, if (it is ) possible without referring to the book.

4） 在know, think, consider, suppose, find, believe, say, show, decide等及物动词后面的宾语从句常省略连词that。少数时候，that引导的主语从句也可以省略that（主要在it为形式主语的时候。）

--I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon.我觉得今天下午天气会转晴。--we know (that) Jack is going to buy a new personal computer.--it is an honor (that) I was invited to the party.--it’s time (that) she took the floor. 该她发言了。

5） 在限定性定语从句内可以省略作宾语的关系代词whom，who, which, that； the same...as 和such...as 引出的一些定语从句可以省略与主句相同的成分。

--the software (which/that) we developed last year can be used to control this process.--the rate of heat transfer through air is not the same as (the rate of heat transfer )through water.

上面几种情况在英文中经常出现，如果在阅读时发现句子残缺不全，首先就要注意是否有省略的情况。判断方式如下：

----看句中有没有and, or, but, when, while, than, if, as, as if, until, unless, once, although, no matter how, whether等连接词，它们是判别有无省略成分的标志词。----有时分号，逗号也可能使分句简化，出现省略情况。----定语从句省略作宾语的关系代词that，which，whom或者in which。

6) 用so，not或其他手段来省略上文或者问句中的一部分或整个句义。

---Jessica may not be free today. If so, you will not come to me.--- -can you do this work?-I am afraid not.--- -does she write letters to them?-not any that I know of.

7) 在 “the +比较级...， the +比较级...”句子中省略be或者there be。

--the higher the temperature (is), the greater the volume (is).--in studying a foreign language, the more practice (there is), the better ( it is).8) 在用so + that 连接的从句中省略so或者that的情况

--we are very tired, (so) that we had better hurry home.--you are so fast, I cannot keep pace with you.(如果加上that，中间不用逗号。)

倒装

英文中，主谓结构这种语序，一般较为固定。

有时候由于语法、修辞、强调、结构匀称的需要，句中语序会发生一些变化，凡是主语和谓语位置有变化的句子，语言学上就称为“倒装语序”。倒装语序有时候会造成一些句子理解上的困难，而我们在写句子的时候也应当注意倒装的情况。

1. 主谓倒装

1)疑问句需要倒装

2) there be句型

3) 表祝愿的句子有时也会倒装

----may you succeed! 4) 句首以否定词not, not only, never, no, hardly, scarcely, little, no sooner...than, seldom, not until等开头的句子，后面的主谓要到装。

---- seldom (rarely) has he met us lately.---- not until midnight did I solve the problem. 5） 句首是hence, thus, only, often, may a time, so(作’如此‘讲，不作’因此‘讲）here等副词时，主谓可能颠倒。以there，now，then为句首，谓语为come，go，follow时，主谓常颠倒。

--thus ended the lesson.--only after they had performed hundreds of experiments did they succeed in solving the problem.--now comes your turn.--here is the palm computer you want. 6） 分句以so (作’也如此‘讲), nor,neither, no more开头时，主谓一般采用疑问句格式的颠倒。

--our society has changed and so have the people in it.--copper conducts electricity; so it does. (若第二个分句只是重复前句的意思，主谓不颠倒)--I don’t think Jack will come, nor (或neither) will Jane. 7） 非真实条件句省略if时，主谓按照疑问格式颠倒。

--should the weather be wet, I shall stay at home.

2. 结构匀称

--he told me in detail how they overcame all the difficulties.(he told me how they overcame all the difficulties in detail.)--no method is known by which it is possible to create energy out of nothing.(no method by which it is possible to create energy out of nothing.)3. 强调

--much as he likes physics, he likes mathematics better.--down came the ceiling.--written on the label is the model of the car.--to be especially considered is construction of some elevated roads.--their views we believe to be fair and true.

关于语法的内容，我们将暂时告一段落。

接下来，老何将推出一系列更实用有趣的文章，希望能给你带来帮助。

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