如何开始写英文论文Essay?
英文论文这个概念实际上包含的种类很多,大体上都称作“英文论文”,其实,这个term 囊括了essay, paper, report, research proposal, thesis, dissertation 以及literature review.
它们的写法,有些微小的区别,打个比方,report就和essay不一样。
· Essay是一般意义上的英文论文,总体上分为introduction,main body 和conclusion三个部分。
· Report分为 executive summary,introduction,main body,conclusion 和recommendations。这种区别是由report本身的特点决定的,report旨在找到problems, 并针对其给出相应的recommendations.
写以上所有类型的英文论文都需要从introduction 开始,那么怎么写introduction呢,一般来说,按照这样的套路写,就不会有大问题:
Lead-inbackground/contextreference to relevant studies/literaturecritical analysisthesis statement/main argumentorganization/layout of the writing,下面用一个具体例子来说明。
针对该introduction的思路分析:
总结:
introduction过后,就是main body, body 部分是由几个paragraphs构成的,那么每个paragraph怎么写呢,一般来说,paragraph writing 包含以下四点:
A linking word (a word or short phrase that signposts to the reader what is now about to be written is linked to what has been written in the previous paragraph;
An opening statement that informs the reader of what the paragraph will be about (known as a “topic sentence”);
Between 2-3 controlling ideas (ofen, these are opinions/ points of view);
It must be demonstrated why each controlling idea has been mentioned (why you think this idea is important).
举个栗子,假如下面的这个事introduction:
那么,接下来的一个paragraph可以是:
这段话,遵循的“套路”就是:
linking word + topic sentence+controlling idea + why important
body 部分完了就是conclusion,conclusion相对简单,主要由两部分组成:
reworded thesis statement + clincher
Reworded thesis statement
作用:remainds readers of the main point of the writing
方法:similar to the reworded topic sentence that one works with on the one- paragraph essay.
Clincher
作用:to give readers a sense of finality
方法:resonate with the motivator in introduction
注:conclusion一般情况下只能有一段话。
有个必须要注意的问题:老师把抄袭现象视为违反了academic integrity,一旦被发现,轻则给低分或者要求重写,重则给0分甚至开除学校。所以,一定要学会把references的有用信息进行paraphrasing,不可直接引用过多甚至直接复制粘贴,因为任何的抄袭都逃不过turnitin的检测,如图 (标颜色的地方都代表重复了):
下面是一些避免plagiarism的一些tips:
英文学术写作指导:ResearchPaper