运用写作手法 巧解高考英语“七选五”阅读

运用写作手法，巧解高考英语“七选五”阅读

高考英语试卷阅读理解第二节，要求根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。短文中留出 5 个空白，要求考生从所给的7个选项中选出最佳选项，使补全后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯。所以，我们俗称其为“七选五”阅读。《考试说明》对该题型的命题目的表述是“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握”。它要求考生根据文章的结构、内容、上下文的逻辑选出相应的五句话填入空白处将文章补充完整。在教与学的实践中，笔者发现无论是教师还是学生，都会对这种题型感到困惑，除了刷题，好像没有别的办法可以应对。即便学生不断地刷题，“七选五”阅读出错率仍然极高。笔者拟从写作的角度尝试破解这一难题。

一、三年高考真题分析

下面以 2016、2017 和 2018 年的九套全国卷为例，分别从话题、体裁、词数、文章结构和设题位置等方面做统计分析，以期能够发现高考“七选五”阅读的命题规律， 探究其命题趋势。

通过上表不难发现：高考英语“七选五”阅读话题多为“如何做……”；体裁以说明文为主，记叙文为辅；总体长度约为300 词（包括原文和选项，其中原文大约 220 词；选项大约 70 词）；文章一般为总—分或总—分—总结构。根据设空位置，大致可以判断出命题方向为：考查段落主题句，位置一般在段首；考查上下文逻辑关系和过渡衔接，位置多在段中；考查概括总结句，位置一般在段末。其中，以考查过渡衔接为主。

二、利用写作手法，反解高考英语“七选五” 阅读

我们都知道：一篇好的文章都具有结构清晰、中心明确、语意连贯、过渡自然、词汇丰富等特点。高考英语“七选五”阅读材料无疑也具有以上特点。我们都有不同的写作经验，试着回想一下我们的写作过程，是否从篇章结构、衔接过渡和遣词造句等几个方面去考虑写作的呢？我们是否可以运用这些写作经验来帮助我们指导学生解答高考英语“七选五”阅读题呢？回答当然是肯定的。

1. 利用词汇复现手段

在写作中，出于表达的需要，作者常常用一些同义词、近义词来替换某些词汇，以达到丰富词汇的目的。在英语中，词汇手段的运用要更加丰富，比如，可以通过词类转化的手段来丰富词汇。高考英语“七选五”阅读重点在于考查句与句之间的衔接与连贯，空白处与空前、空后有着千丝万缕的联系，而这种联系必然是通过词汇的复现来实现的。这种词汇复现手段大致有同一词复现、同义词或近义词复现、词类转化复现和代词复现等。

【例1】（2018 全国卷Ⅱ）...

●Your metabolism ( 新陈代谢 ) gets a head start. 38

If you work out in the mornings, then you will be getting the calorie ( 卡 路 里 ) burning benets for the whole day, not in your sleep.

...

D. There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E. You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

F. After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

...

【答案与解析】F。空前一句说晨练有利于新陈代谢，空后一句说晨练能帮助消耗卡路里，根据同一词（calories） 复现原则很容易选择 F， 意为“锻炼后，这一天里你将继续消耗卡路里”，再结合上下文逻辑，完全符合，故选F。

【例2】（2018 全国卷Ⅰ）...But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to makeabout color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.

38 .They’re the little spots of color like throwpillows, mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.

...

D. Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar

with

E. It’s not really a good idea to use too many small colorpieces

F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it rightthe rst time

G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

【答案与解析】D。运用词汇复现手段很容易做出选择，上一段结尾提到三种颜色选择：the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones。接下来一一介绍。该段中作者提到许多小物品如抱枕、镜子、篮子等的颜色可以给房间带来视觉上的乐趣以及别的好处。最后一句“...small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easilychangeable.”是这一段的总结句。small 和little 是同义词， small 是同一词复现。由此可知，本段介绍的是 small color choices，故选 D。

2. 利用过渡衔接手段

为了增强文章的逻辑性和说服力，英语文章常常通过一些表示过渡衔接的词汇，来表示句与句之间的起承转合。英语中表示过渡衔接的词汇主要有以下几种：

（1）表逻辑顺序：rstly, secondly, lastly, to begin with,at last, last but not least, on the one hand...on the otherhand..., at rst, then, nally...

（2）表并列或递进关系：and, also, too, besides, in addition to, apart from, furthermore, what’s more, not only...but also..., as well as...

（3）表转折或比较关系：but, though, although, yet, while, whereas, on the contrary, however...

（4）发表观点或看法：in my opinion, in my view, personally, as far as I’m concerned...

（5）总结概括：all in all, in brief, in short, in conclusion, to sum up, to conclude, to summarize, in a word, in one word...

运用这些词语或短语，可以极大地提升文章的说服力。在做“七选五”阅读时，教师可以指导学生反其道而行之。通过判断空前或空后的逻辑关系，就能够很容易地选出正确答案。

【例3】（2018 全国卷Ⅰ）...

Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.

37 , they can get a little complex. ...

A. While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you’re looking for

C.If you’re experimenting with a color

...

【答案与解析】A。首先，此空后为逗号，而且其后是一个完整的句子，由此可以判断出只能选择一个从句结构，所以只能在 A、B 和 C 三个选项中选择；空前提到：多年来，有许多不同的工艺帮助设计师达到这一目标，而空后说它们会变得有点复杂。二者是一种矛盾关系，由此可推断出空前和空后是一种转折关系；此外，a number of different techniques 与空后的 they 以及选项 A 中的 them 构成一种指代关系，属于词汇复现的一种手段，故只能选择A 项，意为“尽管这些工艺都很有用”。

【例4】（2016 北京卷）Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the

risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 71 Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.

...

E. This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.

F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.

G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.

【答案与解析】F。空前一句说有时候，我们会认为一些不必要的危险是值得的，因为当我们衡量风险和回报时，风险似乎是值得的；而空后一句说我们中有些人就爱做让人意外和害怕的事情。F 项“然而，并不是所有人都使用同样的参考标准来衡量风险和回报”符合语境，衔接过渡自然，故选 F。

【例5】 （2017 全 国 卷 Ⅰ ）...They had nothing in common with me. 36

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. ...

...

C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.

E.I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

...

【答案与解析】D。设空位置在第一段段末，由此推断， 此处应该是一个总结概括句或者是一个承上启下的句子， 上文说它们与我毫无关系，下文说介绍我去野营的朋友认为去野营意味着要突破自我。显然 D 选项 “自从那以后我学到了很多关于露营的知识”承上启下，引出下文，衔接过渡自然，故选 D。

3. 利用篇章结构手段

由前面的分析，我们可以清楚地看出：“七选五”阅读材料基本上是“总—分（—总）”结构。有时候利用这一特点，也可以帮助解题。

【例 6】（2017 全国卷Ⅲ）Lots of people nd it hardto get up in the morning, and put the blame on the alarm clock. In fact, the key to easy morning wake-up lies in resetting your body clock. A better plan for sleep can help.Here’s how to make one.

●37 In order to make a change, you need to decide why it’s important. Do you want to get up in time to have

breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reasons, tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.

●Rethink mornings. ...

●Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends. ...

●Keep a record and evaluate it weekly. ...

A. Get a sleep specialist.

B. Find the right motivation.

C. A better plan for sleep can help.

D. And consider setting a second alarm.

E. If the steps you take are working, keep it up.

F. Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day.

G. Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the cafe to get coffee.

【答案与解析】B。首先从文章篇章结构入手，可以看出全文是“总—分”结构，37 空和后面的结构应该一致， 故要用祈使句结构；其次，该空处于段首位置，一般是这一段的主题句，结合空后内容：为了有所改变，你需要弄清楚为什么这种改变很重要。你是想起床和家人一起吃早点或是想去做运动呢？还是只是想更好地为这一天做准备呢？显然这是要搞清楚你要早起的目的是什么? 也就是“找到合适的早起动机”，故选 B。

【例7】（2018 全国卷Ⅱ）If you are already making the time to exercise, it is good indeed! ...

...

●39 Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening. ...

●40 If you work out bright and early in the morning, you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day. ...

A. You will stick to your diet.

B. Your quality of sleep improves.

C. You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D. There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E. You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.

【答案与解析】39. B；40. A。首先，从全文结构看这是一篇“总—分—总”结构的文章，先总说晨练有好处， 然后分条讲述晨练的好处，最后归纳概括晨练的好处；其次，39 和 40 空都在段首，因而是这两段的主题句；39 题的下一句讲的是晨练对睡眠的好处，因此 B 选项“睡眠质量得以提高”符合逻辑，故选 B。40 题的下一句讲的是如果晨练，你就更可能坚持吃健康的食物，因此A 选项“你会坚持你的饮食习惯”符合逻辑，故选 A。

总而言之，“七选五”阅读主要考查考生对文章篇章结构和语篇逻辑的把握能力，包括识别主题段、主题句， 句子间的语意连贯与逻辑关系，上下句的例证、对比、并列等线索关系等。高考英语“七选五”阅读的材料必定是一篇结构严谨、层次分明、衔接自然，词汇丰富的好文章。解答这道题时，可以通过词汇复现、衔接过渡和篇章结构三个角度逆方向操作。备考时，教师应指导学生把握文章篇章结构，关注全文主题句或者段落主题句，理清句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系，利用词汇复现手段缩小可选择的范围，进而有效地提高学生解答这类题目的准确性。